Pitting Edema Measurement

O’Sullivan, S.B. and Schmitz T.J. (Eds.). (2007). Physical rehabilitation: assessment and treatment (5th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. p.659

1+ Trace	Barely detectable impression when finger is presssed into skin.
2+ Mild	Slight indentation. 15 seconds to rebound
3+ Moderate	Deeper indentation. 30 seconds to rebound.
4+ Severe	> 30 seconds to rebound.

Alternate method:

1. Press on skin over tibia. Then run pads of fingers over the area pressed and note if there is an indentation. If indentation is noted, repeat, further up the tibia.
2. Document the point at which swelling is no longer present (distance above malleolus).

Brunner L. (1982).The Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice. (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. p.36